Heerarka
Akhriska
Akhrisku waa howl aan waxba ka
duwanayn shaqooyinka qofku si maalin la ah u qabto. Waa howl u baahan in looga
fekero sida aad uga fekeri lahayd kolka aad kubbad ciyaarayso in aysan
shabaqaaqa la soo taaban. Marar badan waxaa la yiraa, akhrisku waa howl aan
firfircoonayn (passive activity), saxse ma aha hadalkaasi. Akhrisku waa howl
firfircooni leh. Waa howl u baahan xirfad iyo xirribooyin, si loo gurto miraha
akhriska. Akhrinta qoraalladu waxa ay leedahay xeerar iyo heerar kala xadeeya.
Qofka majallad akhrinaya iyo kan buug cilmiyeed akhrinaya, isku xeer ma
ilaalinayaan, isku heerna wax uma akhrinayaan. Waxa la akhrinayo ayaa inta
badan xeerarka akhriska lagu salleeyay, sidoo kale heerarka akhrisku waxa ay ku
xirnaanayaan waxa aad akhrinaysid, jeedafka aad u akhrinaysid iyo waqtiga aad u
haysato akhriska waxaas.
Ujeedooyinka wax loo akhriyo
seddex wax ayaa inta badan lagu soo koobaa:
·
In aad fahamto, xogna aad
hesho
·
In aad xog dheeraad ah
hesho
·
In aad madadaallo ka
dhigato
Waxaa sidoo kale jiri karta in
aad seddexdoodaba isku rabto. Waxa aad akhrinayso ayay noocyada ujeedooyinkaanu
ka dhashaan.
Afar heer akhris oo aan ka soo qaatay
buugga, How to read a book oo ay qoreen Mortimer J. Adler iyo Charles V. Doren
ayaan ku soo koobayaa halkan.
Heerarka akhriska ee labadan
qoraa kaga warrameen buuggooda, waxa ay u kala hormariyeen sida ay ugu kala
muhiimsanyihiin qofka akhriska rabo in uu macno u sameeyo. Afarta heer akhris
waxaa jira heerar hoose oo mid walba hoos tegayo iyo waxyaalo kaabaya.
1.
Heerka billowga ah
(Rudimentary reading): heerkan waa kan ugu horreeya ee qofkuku indhafurto. Markaan,
akhristuhu wuxuu baranayaa isku nududda ereyada. Fahmidda nuxurka kuma
degdegayo.Waa meesha laga billaabo akhriska ama waa meesha lagaga baxo xadka
umminimada (illiterate). Heerkan qofku marka uu si wanaagsan u barto waxa uu u
gudbayaa heerarka kale, isaga oo ku raaxaysan doona. Heerka kowaad waa ku
dhawaaqista ereyada iyo in aad fahmi karto macnaha ereyada. Sidoo kale, heerkan
qofku wuxuu baranayaa ereyada isku xirkooda, ku dhawaaqistooda iyo macnaha ay
xambaarsanyihiin. Waxaa dhacda in qofku heerkan uu fahmi waayo ama ku dhawaaqi
waayo, taasna sababteedu waa mid meela kale ka imaanaysa—farsamaha ahaan, ama
qaabki uu wax u bartay.
2.
Heerka dulmarka (skimming reading):
heerkan waxaa la beeqaaminayaa waqtiga iyadoo nuxurka iyo ujeedka buuggana laga
tegeynin. Dulmar kooban, xog aad ku heli karto, buugga iyo waxa uu
daaranyahayna aad ku ogaan karto ayaad samaynayaa; isla markaasna waqtiga aad
koobeyso. Kolka aad dulmar akhris sameynayso, waxa hadafkaagu yahay in aad
garato waxa buuggu ka warramayo iyo waxa aad ka baran karto. “… haddii heerki
hore—heerka billowga—aad isweydiinaysay su’aasha ah, “maxay jumladdan ku
saabsantahay?, hadda waxaad isweydiinee, buuggan muxuu ka warramaa? Side ayuu u
samaysanyahay? Qaybaha uu ka koobanyahay.” Kolka aad dulmar akhris samaynayso
waxaa jirta laba qaab oo loo sameeyo, kuwaas oo dulmarka hoos imaanaya:
Systematic Skimming iyo Superficial Skimming. Kan hore hadafkaagu waa in aad kala
ogaato in buuggu akhris taxaddar leh u baahanyahay iyo inkale, kan labaadna si
taxaddar leh ayaad ku akhrinaysaa.
Kolka dulmar lagu samaynayo buug
ama lagu akhrinayo, ma ahan in aad buugga wada akhrinayso, se meela gaar ah
ayaad ka akhrinaysaa. Cinwaanka buugga, tusmada buugga, lifaaqyada uu wato,
ararta qoraaga, qulaasada uu qoraagu sameeyo—haddii uu sameeyay.
3.
Akhris lafagur (analytical
reading): heerkan waa mid aad muhiimsan, waxtarna eh. Heerkan waa heerka
akhristuhu uu ruugayo buugga, calalinayo, dheefshiidayo, kaddibna uu nuxurka
sidaas ku liqayo. Heerkan, akhristuhu buugga meelna ma dhaafayo, dhugma
sarreysana waa u yeelanaya. Halkan waa kolka jeedafku yahay in wax la
kororsado, waxna la fahmo. Waa heerka waqtiga ugu badan gelayo, lamina xisaabinayo
waqtigaas.
4.
Heerka isbarbardhigga (Syntopical
reading): heerkan waa kan ugu sarreeya. Waa isbarbardhig qoraallo kala duwan oo
akhristuhu meela kala duwan ka soo akhriyay. Heerka isbarbardhigga waa heerka
ugu sarreeya ee akhriska. Waa kan akhristuhu ugu heli ogyahay aqoon dhamays ah.
12 September, 2022
Muqdisho, Soomaaliya
